Pelacakkan Molekuler terhadap Hasil Sitaan Karkas Trenggiling pada Perdagangan Ilegal di Indonesia Berbasis Gen Barkode

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Illegal trade in pangolins are generally in the form of carcasses, flour, scales, embryos, blood and bones.
Therefore, physical tracking and identification are difficult so molecular analysis is needed to identify the
specimen precisely. Investigations in the illegal trade of wildlife have benefited greatly from the advancement
of DNA forensic techniques. Here, I reconstructed phylogenetic trees from the neighbor-joining analyses based
on the CO1 gene sequences from the confiscated carcasses of pangolins. The genetic distance matrix calculations
with the Kimura Two-parameter model (K2P) were implemented in the pairwise distance calculation in the Mega
(Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) program version 6.05. I included total 77 sequences of pangolins
from confiscated and 92 sequences from GenBank (Manis javanica, Manis sp., Manis pentadactyla, Manis
culionensis, Phataginus tricuspis, Phataginus tetradactyla, Smutsia temminckii, and Smutsia gigantea). The
results of phylogenetic analysis revealed two clades of Asia and Africa with a genetic distance of 23.85±2.38%
and all pangolin haplotypes confiscated identified as a species of Manis javanica. The genetic distance between
Manis javanica and Manis culionensis was 3.9 ±0.89%, which it was a sister clade and the farthest genetic
distance between Manis culionensis and Smutsia temmickii was 23.19±2.14%. The phylogenetic tree shows the
monophyletic clade of pangolins species in the world. Phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes from
Manis javanica were confiscated separately into two subclades, namely subclade A1 (19 haplotypes) and A2
(12 haplotypes). The genetic distance in subclade A1 averaged were 0.59±0.14% and subclade A2 were
1.01±0.24%, whereas it was 3.09 ± 0.64% between subclades A1 and A2. Total there were 31 haplotypes
showing Manis javanica originating from a different habitat with a wide distribution.
Keywords: Illegal trade, pangolin, gene barcode