Partial north-northwestern Australian origin of the Malesian flora
Main Article Content
Abstract
The current study aims to see if a dispersal pathway existed between northern/ northwestern Australia and the Lesser Sunda Islands and Southern Moluccas by using distributional data of plants, dated phylogenies and historical biogeography. Dispersal between Asia and Australia has already been shown to exist, especially through Northern Queensland and New Guinea into the Malay Archipelago (Malesia). Taxa occurring in the Northern Territory and Western Australia were compared to taxa present in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Southern Moluccas as a means to explain the origin of part of the Malesian flora. Distribution data of taxa were collected from the Global Biodiversity Information Centre and the database of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, reviewed for accepted names and distribution data via Kew Gardens’ Plants of The World Online and dated phylogenies were traced via Google Scholar. The resemblance in genus and species lists between Western Australia/Northern Territory and the Lesser Sunda Islands/southern Moluccas indicates a floral exchange, likely, mainly from Australia to Malesia. Historical biogeographic data were found in only two instances, showing a dispersal to the Lesser Sunda Islands/southern Moluccas around 5 Ma. The conclusion is that this pathway did not result in a major influx of flora into the Malesian area.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
AUDLEY-CHARLES, M. G., BALLANTYNE, P. & HALL, R. 1988. Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift drift sequence of Asian fragments from Gondwanaland. Tectonophysics 155: 317–330.
CHANTARASUWAN, B., RØNSTED, N., KJELLBERG, F., SUNGKAEW, S. & VAN WELZEN, P. C. 2016. Palaeotropical interncontinental disjunctions revisited using a dated phylogenetic hypothesis with nearly complete species level sampling of Ficus subsect.
Urostigma (Moraceae). Journal of Biogeography 43: 384–397.
CRAYN, D. M., COSTION, C. M. & HARRINGTON, M. G. 2014. The Sahul-Sunda floristic exchange: dated molecular phylogenies document cenozoic intercontinental dispersal dynamics. Journal of Biogeography 42: 11–24.
ICKERSON, R. E. 1928. Distribution of Life in the Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
DUKE, N. C. 1992. Mangrove Floristics and Biogeography. In: ROBERTSON, A. I. & ALONGI, D. M. (Eds.). Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series 41: 63–100. American Geophysical Society, Washington (DC.).
ELLIOTT, T. L., VAN MAZIJK, R., BARRETT, R. L., BRUHL, J. J., JOLY, S., MUTHAPHULI, N. & MUASYA, A. M. 2021. Global
dispersal and diversification of the genus Schoenus (Cyperaceae) from the Western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59: 791–808.
HALL, R. 2009. Southeast Asia’s changing palaeogeography. Blumea 54: 148–161.
HALL, R. 2013. The palaeogeography of Sundaland and Wallacea since the Late Jurassic. Journal of Limnology 72(s2): 1–13.
HOLZMEYER, L., HAUENSCHILD, F. & MUELLNER-RIEHL, A. N. 2023. Sunda–Sahul floristic exchange and pathways into the Southwest Pacific: new insights from wet tropical forest trees. Journal of Biogeography 50: 1257–1270.
HOPPER, S. D. & GIOIA, P. 2004. The Southwest Australian floristic region: evolution and conservation of a global hot spot of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 623–650.
HUXLEY, T. 1868. On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1868: 294–319.
JOYCE, E. M., PANNELL, C. M., ROSETTO, M., YAP, J. -Y. S., THIELE, K. R., WILSON, P. D. & CRAYN, C. M. 2021. Molecular phylogeography reveals two geographically and temporally separated floristic exchange tracks between Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 48: 1213–1227.
JOYCE, E. M., THIELE, K. R., SLIK, J. W. F. & CRAYN, D. M. 2020. Checklist of the vascular flora of the Sunda-Sahul convergence zone.
Biodiversity Data Journal 8: Art. e51094.
KADEREIT, G., GOTZEK, D., JACOBS, S. W. L. & FREITAG, H. 2005. Origin and age of Australian Chenopodiaceae. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5: 59–80.
KADEREIT, G., MUCINA, L. & FREITAG, H. 2006. Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology. Taxon 55: 617–642.
KALKMAN, C. 1955. A plant-geographical analysis of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 4(2): 200–225.
KENNETT, B. L. N., CHOPPING, R. & BLEWETT, R. 2018. The Australian Continent: A Geophysical Synthesis. ANU Press, Acton.
KOOYMAN, R. M., MORLEY, R. J., CRAYN, D. M., JOYCE, E. M., ROSSETTO, M., SLIK, J. W. F., STRIJK, J. S., SU, T., YAP, J. -Y. S.
& WILF, P. 2019. Origins and assembly of Malesian rainforests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50: 119–143.
LYDEKKER, R. 1896. A Geographical History of Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MACARTHUR, R. H. & WILSON, E. O. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
MARSH, S. T., BRUMMITT, N. A., DE KOK, R. P. J. & UTTERIDGE, T. M. A. 2009. Large scale patterns of plant diversity and conservation priorities in South East Asia. Blumea 54: 103–108.
PIIRAINEN, M., LIEBISCH, O. & KADEREIT, G. 2017. Phylogeny, biogeography, systematics and taxonomy of Salicornioideae (Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae) – a cosmopolitan, highly specialized hygrohalophyte lineage dating back to the Oligocene. Taxon 66: 109–132.
RAES, N. & VAN WELZEN, P. C. 2009. The demarcation and internal division of Flora Malesiana: 1857 – present. Blumea 54: 6–8.
RUTGRINK, A. L. J., VISSER, M. & VAN WELZEN, P. C. 2018. Differences between the floras of the North and South Moluccas
(Indonesia). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 56: 652‒662.
SHEPHERD, K. A. & WILSON, P. 2007. Incorporation of the Australian genera Halosarcia, Pachycornia, Sclerostegia and Tegicornia into
Tecticornia (Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 20: 319–331.
SIMPSON, G. G. 1977. Too many lines; the limits of the Oriental and Australian zoogeographic regions. Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society 121: 107–120.
TRETHOWAN, L. A. 2021. Could the environment limit dispersal between Sunda and Sahul? Journal of Vegetation Science 32: Art. e12978.
TRETHOWAN, L. A., BRAMBACH, F., CÁMARA-LERET, R., LAUMONIER, Y., SHEIL, D., SLIK, J. W. F., CAMPBELL, O. W., MURDJOKO, A., BASTIAN, M. L., KARTAWINATA, K., MANSOR, A., MANSUR, M., MIRMANTO, E., NURTJAHYA, E., PERMANA, A., ROZAK, A. H., WILKIE, P., RAHMAD, Z., ARIFIANI, D., DAMAYANTO, I. P. G. P., PUGLISI, C., ASMARAYANI, R., BENU, N. M. H., BRAMLEY, G. L. C., DHARMA, W.,
HEATABUN, C. D., HIDAYAT, A., KUSWANDI, R., MATHEWS, S., MEGAWATI, RUSTIAMI, H., SANTIKA, Y., SANTOSO, W., SETIAWAN, E., TRIONO, T., WAMBRAUW, K., WANMA, J.F., YANTO, A. H., SIRIGAR, M., SADILI, A., ATIKAH, T. D., KINTAMANI, E., TJOA, A., CULMSEE, H., GIRMANSYAH, D., GUNAWAN, H., PITOPANG, R., UTTERIDGE, T. M. A., MORLEY, R., SCHRADER, J. & BREARLEY, F. Q. 2024. From earthquakes to island area: multiscale effects upon local diversity. Ecography 2024 (5): 1–10.
TRETHOWAN, L. A., JENNINGS, L., BRAMLEY, G., CLARK, R., DAWSON, S., MOORE, A., PEARCE, L., PUGLISI, C., RIWU-KAHO, M., ROSARIO, TRIAS-BLASI, A., UTTERIDGE, T. M. A. & RUSTIAMI, H. 2023. Environment-dependent influence of fruit size upon the distribution of the Malesian archipelagic flora. Plant, People, Planet 5: 712–721.
VAN BALGOOY, M. M. J., HOVENKAMP, P. H. & VAN WELZEN, P. C. 1996. Phytogeography of the Pacific – Floristic and Historical Distribution Patters in Plants. In: KEAST, A. & MILLER, S. E. (Eds.). The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and Processes: 191–213. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam.
VAN STEENIS, C. G. G. J. 1950. The Delimitation of Malaysia and Its Main Plant Geographical Divisions. In: VAN STEENIS, C. G. G. J. (Ed.), Flora Malesiana Ser. I, 1: lxx–lxxv.
VAN STEENIS, C. G. G. J. 1979. Plant-geography of East Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 97–178.
VAN WELZEN, P. C. & RAES, N. 2011. The Floristic position of Java. The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 63: 329–339.
VAN WELZEN, P. C. & SLIK, J. W. F. 2009. Patterns in species richness and composition of plant families in the Malay archipelago. Blumea54: 166–171.
VAN WELZEN, P. C., PARNELL, J. A. N. & SLIK, J. W. F. 2011. Wallace’s line and plant distributions: two or three phytogeographical
areas and where to group Java? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 103: 531–545.
VAN WELZEN, P. C., SLIK, J. W. F. & ALAHUHTA, J. 2005. Plant distribution patterns and plate tectonics in Malesia. Biologiske
Skrifter 55: 199–217.
VAN WELZEN, P. C., HILGEN, S. J., KLINK, J. M. A., YU, R.-Y. & VAN ’T ZELFDE, M. 2024. Botanical dispersal pathways into
Malesia: The Philippines – Southeast Asian connection. Blumea 69: 171–195.
WALLACE, A. R. 1860. On the zoological geography of the Malay Archipelago. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London 4: 172–184.
YAP, J.-Y., ROSSETTO, M., COSTION, C., CRAYN, D., KOOYMAN, R. M., RICHARDSON, J. & HENRY, R. 2018. Filters of floristic exchange: How traits and climate shape rain forest invasion of Sahul from Sunda. Journal of Biogeography 45: 838–847.