COMPARISON BETWEEN Trachypithecus auratus AND Trachypithecus cristatus BRAIN SIZE IN INDONESIA

Endah Dwijayanti, Anang Setiawan Achmadi, Maharadatunkamsi Maharadatunkamsi, Nanang Supriatna
10.52508/zi.v29i1.3977
| Abstract views: 383 | PDF views: 436

Abstract

Taxonomic studies on Trachypithecus species in Indonesia define that this genus separated into two species that are Trachypithecus auratus and Trachypithecus cristatus with Trachypithecus auratus auratus as a subspecies. To determine relative brain size differences between species of the genus Trachypithecus in Indonesia and to examine clinal variation, a study related to brain size and morphological characters that affect the brain size is carried out. This study analyzes the brain volume between both species and examines its relationship with morphometric measurement and variables such as sex, age, and specimen location. Brain volumes were calculated from braincase volumes using 0.5 mm silica gel as mini beads. This study reveals that there are significant differences in relative brain size inter-species, sex, age and interaction among variable. Overall, T. auratus have a bigger brain size than T. cristatus, and the brain size of males are larger than females. The older individual tends to have similar brain size with younger ones. The different relative brain size on age level influenced by GSL size. Allometric body size affects the size of the brain directly. Also, there is a clinal trend in relative brain size. Trachypithecus auratus brain size is increasing from West Java to Lombok island. Further study is needed to understand the influence of external factor such as ecological and social factors on brain size in Trachypithecus.

Keywords

Brain size, Trachypithecus, clinal variation, Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References

Asfaw, B., Gilbert, W. H. & Richards, G.D. (2008). Homo erectus cranial anatomy. In: W.H. Gilbert & B. Asfaw (Eds.), Homo erectus: Pleistocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia (pp. 265–327). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Bruner, E. & Holloway, R. L. (2010). A bivariate approach to the widening of the frontal lobes in the genus Homo. Journal of Human Evolution, 58, 138–146.

Clutton‐Brock, T. H. & Harvey, P. H. (1980). Primates, brains and ecology. Journal of Zoology, 190, 309-323. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01430.x

Deaner, R. O., Isler, K., Burkart, J. & Van Schaik, C. (2007). Overall brain size, and not encephalization quotient, best predicts cognitive ability across non-human primates. Brain, behavior and evolution, 70(2), 115-124.

Franklin, M. S., Kraemer, G. W., Shelton, S. E., Baker, E., Kalin, N. H. & Uno, H. (2000). Gender differences in brain volume and size of corpus callosum and amygdala of rhesus monkey measured from MRI images. Brain research, 852(2), 263-267.

Groves, C.P. 2001. Primate Taxonomy. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Harrison T., Krigbaum J. & Manser, J. (2006). Primate biogeography and ecology on the Sunda Shelf Islands: A paleontological and zooarchaeological perspective. In Shawn M. L. & John G. F. (Eds.), Primate Biogeography: Developments in Primatology Progress and Prospects (pp 331-372). Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31710-4_12

IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

Jerison, H. J. (1979). Brain, body and encephalization in early primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 8, 615–635.

Kubo, D., Kono, R.T. & Suwa, G. (2012). Endocranial proportions and postorbital morphology of the Minatogawa I and IV Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens crania from Okinawa Island, Japan. Anthropological Science, 120 (2), 179-194.

Harding, L.E. (2010). Trachypithecus cristatus (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Mammalian Species, 42(1), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1644/862.1

Lesciotto, K. M. & Richtsmeier, J. T. (2019). Craniofacial skeletal response to encephalization: How do we know what we think we know?. American journal of physical anthropology, 168 (Suppl 67), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23766

Lynn, R. (1999). Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: a developmental theory. Intelligence, 27(1), 1–12.

Mace, G. M., Harvey, P. H., & Clutton‐Brock, T. H. (1981). Brain size and ecology in small mammals. Journal of Zoology, 193(3), 333–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03 449.x

Martin. 1983. Human brain evolution in an ecological context. New York: American Museum of Natural History.

Maryanto, I., Mansjoer, I., Sajuthi, I. & Supriatna. (1997). Morphological varia-tion in the Ebony and Silver leaf mon-keys [ Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geof-frey, 1812) and Trachypithecus cristatus (Raffles, 1821)] from Southeast Asia. Treubia, 31, 113-131.

Maryanto, I. 1998. Silver and ebony leaf monkey dermatograph marker. Indone-sian Journal of Primatology, 3(1), 17–24.

McCarthy, B. (2019, July). Javan Langur Trachypithecus auratus. Retrieved from https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/javan-langur.html

Napier, P. H. (1985). Catalogue of primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and elsewhere in the British Isles. Part III: Family cercopithecidae, subfamily colobinae. London: British Museum (Natural History).

Pan, R. L., & Groves, C. P. (2004). Cranial variation among Asian colobines. In F. C. Anapol, R. Z. German, & N. G. Jablonski (Eds.) Shaping primate evolution: form, function, and behavior (Pp. 45–65). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Powell, L. E., Isler, K. & Barton, R. A. (2017). Re-evaluating the link between brain size and behavioural ecology in primates. Proc. R. Soc. B. 28420171765 http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1765

Reader, S. M. (2003). Relative brain size and the distribution of innovation and social learning across the non-human primates. In D. Fragaszy & S. Perry (Eds.) The biology of traditions: models and evidence (Pp. 56–93). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rightmire, G. P. (2004). Brain size and encephalization in early to mid-Pleistocene Homo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 124, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10346

Roonwal, M. & Mohnot, S. M. (1977). Primates of South Asia: ecology, sociobiology, and behavior. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massa-chusetts.

Roos, C., Nadler, T., & Walter, L. (2008). Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (Trachypithecus cristatus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47(2), 629-636.

Rosenblum, L.L., Supriatna, J., Hasan, M.N., & Melnick, D.J. 1997. High mitochondrial DNA diversity with little structure within and among leaf monkey populations (Trachypithecus cristatus and Trachypithecus auratus). Int. J. Pri-matol, 18, 1005– 1028.

RStudio Team. (2016). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc.

Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E., & Holliday, T. W.

(1997). Body mass and encepha-lization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature, 387, 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1038/387173a0

Sol, D., Bacher, S., Reader, S. M, & Lefebvre, L. (2008). Brain size predicts the success of mammal species introduced into novel environments. Am Nat., 172, Suppl 1, S63-S71. doi:10.1086/588304

Sulistyadi E. (2012). Komunitas Mamalia Besar Gunung Slamet. In: I. Maryanto, M. Noerdjito, & T. Partomihardjo. Ekologi Gunung Slamet. Jakarta: LIPI Press. ISBN: 978-979-799-700-7.

Supriatna, J. & Wahyono. (2000). Panduan Lapangan Primata Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Walker, R., Burger, O., Wagner, J. & Von Rueden, C. R. (2006). Evolution of brain size and juvenile periods in primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 51(5), 480-489.

Weitzel, V. 1983. Preliminary Study of the Dental and Cranial Morphology of Presbytis and Trachypithecus in Relation to Diet, unpublished M.A. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.

Wilson, D.E, & Reeder, D.M. (Editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52508/zi.v29i1.3977

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.